Subarachnoid anesthesia with ropivacaine combined with sufentanil in cesarean delivery / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of subarachnoid anesthesia with low-dose ropivacaine combined with sufentanil in cesarean delivery.Methods:A total of 120 women who were subjected to cesarean delivery in Tongxiang Second People's Hospital from May 2017 to April 2018 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo subarachnoid anesthesia either with low-dose ropivacaine plus sufentanil (observation group, n = 60) or low-dose ropivacaine alone (control group, n = 60) in cesarean delivery. The anesthesia effects, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, sensory block, 1-minute Apgar score, and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:Time to anesthesia onset and time to pain recovery in the observation group were (2.07 ± 1.24) minutes and (51.29 ± 6.24) minutes, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(4.58 ± 1.69) minutes, (56.70 ± 7.91) minutes, t = 9.28, 4.16, both P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the duration of anesthesia between the two groups ( t = 0.76, P > 0.05). The heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and 1-minute Apgar score were (77.64 ± 6.20) beats/minute, (92.23 ± 1.38) mmHg, and (9.68 ± 0.70) points respectively in the observation group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(83.40 ± 5.93) beats/minute, (96.54 ± 4.06) mmHg, (7.59 ± 0.64) points, t = 5.20, 7.79, 17.07, all P < 0.05]. Time to onset of sensory block was significantly shorter in the observation group than in the control group [(52.07 ± 8.68) seconds vs. (64.30 ± 9.62) seconds, t = 7.31, P < 0.05]. Duration of sensory and motor block in the observation group were (161.75 ± 28.63) minutes and (86.26 ± 20.03) minutes, respectively, which were significantly longer than those in the control group [(130.29 ± 31.84) minutes, (78.60 ± 16.95) minutes, t = 5.69, 2.26, both P < 0.05]. The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (5.00% vs. 16.67%, χ2 = 4.23, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Subarachnoid anesthesia with low-dose ropivacaine combined with sufentanil has satisfactory anesthetic effects in cesarean delivery. The combined therapy can stabilize hemodynamics, has little impact on newborns, and is highly safe.

Effects of intrathecal injection of ropivacaine on spinal cord in rats based on genomics / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#There are clinical reports of nerve injury caused by ropivacaine. The mechanism for nerve injury induced by ropivacaine has not been fully clarified. This study aims to investigate the changes of pain threshold and L3 spinal cord genomics at 6 h and 24 h after intrathecal injection of 0.5% and 1.0% ropivacaine, and to explore the underlying mechanisms for nerve injury caused by ropivacaine.@*METHODS@#A total of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 220-260 g were successfully implanted with microspinal catheter. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (each n=6): a control group (given saline), a ropivacaine group 1 and a ropivacaine group 2 (both given 1% ropivacaine), a ropivacaine group 3 and a ropivacaine group 4 (both given 0.5% ropivacaine). The rats received continuous intrathecal injection of corresponding drugs at 8.3 μL/h for 24 h via an implanted intrathecal catheter followed by 24 h-pause of injection for the ropivacaine group 2, the ropivacaine group 4 and the control group, 6 h-pause of injection for the ropivacaine group 1 and the ropivacaine group 3. For each group, the observation of behavioral change and the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) was conducted immediately after the injection and again after the pause of injection. After the PWMT observation, the rats were dissected to acquire L3 spinal cords. Illumina sequencing was applied to construct gene libraries. Then the statistical methods were used to find out differentially expressed genes between the groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway analysis were conducted for those genes. Real-time RT-PCR was used to determine different expressions of some of those genes.@*RESULTS@#Compared with control group, the PWMT got higher in the ropivacaine group 1-4 and was positively correlated with concentration, negatively correlated with discontinuation duration. Compared with control group, the ropivacaine group 1 had 488 differentially expressed genes, of which 456 were up-regulated and 32 were down-regulated; the ropivacaine group 2 had 1 194 differentially expressed genes, of which 1 092 were up-regulated and 102 were down-regulated; the ropivacaine group 3 had 518 differentially expressed genes, of which 384 were up-regulated and 134 were down-regulated; and the ropivacaine group 4 had 68 differentially expressed genes, of which 46 were up-regulated and 22 were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG signaling pathway analysis showed that most of these differentially expressed genes were related to signaling pathways of inflammatory response.@*CONCLUSIONS@#After intrathecal injection of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1.0% ropivacaine for 24 h, the differentially expressed genes in L3 spinal cord of rats are mainly related to signaling pathways of inflammatory response.

Síndrome de cauda equina posterior a la administración por vía subaracnoidea de bupivacaina hiperbárica al 0, 75 % / Cauda equina syndrome following subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0. 75 %

El síndrome de cauda equina es una patología poco frecuente en el área de anestesiología. Esta se caracteriza por presentar un conjunto de signos y síntomas que involucran: dolor, disminución o abolición de la fuerza muscular, disfunción de esfínteres e hipoestesia de silla de montar. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar y discutir el caso clínico de una paciente con diagnóstico de síndrome de cauda equina posterior a la administración por vía subaracnoidea de bupivacaina al 0,75 % hiperbárica. Se trata de paciente femenina de 42 años a quien se le realizó cesárea segmentaria y salpingectomia bilateral con bloqueo anestésico subaracnoideo; y quien posteriormente a las dieciséis horas del posoperatorio presentó: disminución de la fuerza muscular de miembros inferiores e hipoestesia de región de silla de montar, reflejo rotuliano: 0/4 bilateral y retención urinaria. Se le inicia tratamiento farmacológico y fisiátrico inmediatamente establecido el diagnóstico de síndrome de cauda equina. La paciente fue dada de alta el día diez del posoperatorio, con disminución significativa de la clínica antes descrita, evidenciándose posteriormente retención urinaria por lo que requirió sondaje vesical intermitente. Una vez establecido el diagnostico se instaló inmediatamente tratamiento farmacológico y fisiátrico para dar una oportuna resolución de la patología(AU)

Cauda equina syndrome is a rare pathology in the area of anesthesiology. This is characterized by presenting a set of signs and symptoms that involve: pain, decrease or abolition of muscle strength, sphincter dysfunction and saddle hypoesthesia. The objective of this work is to present and discuss the clinical case of a patient with a diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome after the administration of hyperbaric 0.75% bupivacaine via the subarachnoid route. This is a 42-year-old female patient who underwent segmental cesarean section and bilateral salpingectomy with subarachnoid anesthetic block; and who subsequently at sixteen hours postoperatively presented: decreased muscle strength, lower limbs and hypoesthesia of the saddle region, knee jerk reflex: bilateral 0/4 and urinary retention. Pharmacological and physical treatment was started immediately, the diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome was established. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 10, with a significant decrease in the symptoms described above, later evidence of urinary retention, requiring intermittent bladder catheterization. Once the diagnosis was established, pharmacological and physiatric treatment was immediately installed to give a timely resolution of the pathology(AU)

Efectividad de la ketamina y el sulfato de magnesio en pacientes con temblor posanestesia subaracnoidea / Effectiveness of ketamine and magnesium sulfate in patients with shaking after subarachnoid anesthesia

Introducción: El temblor es frecuente. Además de agravar el dolor, aumenta la demanda metabólica y el consumo de oxígeno; varios fármacos son utilizados para eliminarlo. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de la ketamina y el sulfato de magnesio en pacientes con temblor posanestesia subaracnoidea. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuasi-experimental de 394 pacientes, quienes se encontraban bajo anestesia espinal de forma electiva, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre de 2016 hasta igual periodo de 2018. Se dividieron en 2 grupos aleatorios con 197 integrantes cada uno: A (ketamina 0,4 mg/kg) y B (sulfato de magnesio 50 mg/kg), a los cuales se le suministraron los medicamentos una vez iniciado el temblor. Resultados: En ambos grupos predominaron los pacientes de 45-64 años de edad. Hubo homogeneidad entre hombres y mujeres, sin significación estadística (p= 0,5378). La mayoría de los afectados se encontraban en el grupo de riesgo anestésico II (88,1 %). En los 2 grupos primó del grado III del temblor antes de la terapia, solo 3,5 % del grupo B a los 30 minutos mantuvo igual condición. En los primeros 10 minutos de suministrar el sulfato de magnesio despareció el temblor en la mayoría de los pacientes (74,5 %). Dicho fármaco resultó efectivo en 83,8 % de los afectados y en aquellos que recibieron ketamina fue de 42,1 %, ambos sin efectos secundarios. Conclusiones: La incidencia del temblor fue alta. La ketamina y el sulfato de magnesio fueron efectivos al permitir la desaparición del temblor en un corto periodo de tiempo, pero el segundo fármaco superó al primero en magnitud considerable.

Introduction: The shaking is frequent. Besides increasing the pain, it increases the metabolic demand and the oxygen consumption; several drugs are used to eliminate it. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of ketamine and magnesium sulfate in patients with shaking after subarachnoid anesthesia. Methods: A quasi-experimental investigation of 394 patients who received spinal anesthesia in an elective way, assisted at Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from September, 2016 to the same period in 2018. They were divided in 2 random groups with 197 members each one: A (ketamine 0.4 mg/kg) and B (magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg), to whom the medications were given once shaking began. Results: In both groups the 45-64 years patients prevailed. There was homogeneity between men and women, without statistical significance (p = 0.5378). Most of those affected were in the group of anesthetic risk II (88.1 %). In the 2 groups the degree III of shaking before therapy prevailed, just 3.5 % in group B maintained the same condition at 30 minutes. In the first 10 minutes of giving the magnesium sulfate shaking disappeared in most of the patients (74.5 %). This drug was effective in 83.8 % of those affected and in those that received ketamine it was of 42.1 %, both without side effects. Conclusions: The incidence of shaking was high. The ketamine and magnesium sulfate were effective when allowing the disappearance of shaking in a short period of time, but the second drug overcame the first one in a considerable magnitude.

Effectiveness of Combination Therapy with Goshuyuto and Ryokeijutsukanto for Post-Dural Puncture Headache after Epidural Anesthesia for Painless Delivery or Caesarean Section / 日本東洋医学雑誌

To treat the patient who developed post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) after the epidural anesthesia for painless delivery or spinal subarachnoid anesthesia for caesarean section, we provided a combination therapy with Kampo medicines goshuyuto and ryokeijutsukanto (39 patients), and a single therapy with goshuyuto (17 patients). We compared the patients based on the improvement rate and the average of the differences of Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) before and after taking Kampo medicines. Of 39 patients treated with combination therapy, 82.1% were effective in the improvement rate, and 74.4% were effective in NRS differences. Of 17 patients treated with goshuyuto alone, 58.8% was effective in the improvement rate, and 41.2% in NRS differences. In the improvement rate, it was insignificant (p=0.094). However, in the comparison of the average of the NRS differences, the combination therapy was significantly more effective than with from goshuyuto alone (p=0.032) (p<0.05). There was no significant difference depending on when the administration was started. It was suggested that a combination therapy with goshuyuto and ryokeijutsukanto is effective and convenient for PDPH.

Falla o resistencia en la anestesia espinal para cesárea / Failure or resistance in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section

Introducción: La anestesia regional es la más empleada en la cesárea obstétrica. En particular, el uso de la anestesia intratecal tiene sus ventajas. Aunque la tasa de falla es baja, la aparición de este evento genera dificultades que merecen atención. Objetivo: Describir la conducta anestésica en una paciente obstétrica en la que falla la anestesia regional intratecal. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 20 años a la que se le administró anestesia intratecal por el especialista. No hubo errores en la punción lumbar, esta se realizó con trócar 25 punta Whitacre. No se constató bloqueo sensitivo, motor ni simpático, por lo que se realizó anestesia general endotraqueal, la cual transcurrió sin dificultades. En el posoperatorio inmediato se observa hiperlaxitud articular lo que llevó a sospechar el diagnóstico. Este fue positivo conjuntamente con el servicio de Neurología, se determinó Síndrome de Ehlers danlos tipo III. Conclusiones: El índice de falla es muy bajo en anestesia suaracnoidea pero si se presenta un paciente de este tipo, debe descartarse por completo. Existen pocos casos documentados de resistencia a la anestesia local; pero si así fuera, debe estudiarse exhaustivamente para buscar estrategias que permitan un acto anestésico óptimo(AU)

Introduction: Regional anesthesia is the most used in obstetric caesarean section. In particular, the use of intrathecal anesthesia has its advantages. Although the failure rate is low, the onset of this event generates difficulties that deserve attention. Objective: To describe the anesthetic management in an obstetric patient with failure of regional intrathecal anesthesia. Clinical case: Female patient, aged 20 years, who was administered intrathecal anesthesia by the specialist. There were no errors in the lumbar puncture, this was done with a trocar 25 of Whitacre tip. No sensory, motor or sympathetic block was observed, so general endotracheal anesthesia was performed, which went on smoothly. In the immediate postoperative period, joint hypermobility was observed, leading to suspicion of the diagnosis. This was positive in conjunction with the Neurology service, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type 3 was determined. Conclusions: The failure rate is very low for subarachnoid anesthesia. However, for a patient of this type, it should be completely ruled out. There are few documented cases of resistance to local anesthesia. If it were the case, it should be studied exhaustively to look for strategies that allow an optimal anesthetic management(AU)

Is there any benefit in associating neuraxial anesthesia to general anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery? / Existe algum benefício em associar a anestesia neuroaxial à anestesia geral para revascularização miocárdica?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of neuraxial anesthesia in cardiac surgery is recent, but the hemodynamic effects of local anesthetics and anticoagulation can result in risk to patients. OBJECTIVE: To review the benefits of neuraxial anesthesia in cardiac surgery for CABG through a systematic review of systematic reviews. CONTENT: The search was performed in Pubmed (January 1966 to December 2012), Embase (1974 to December 2012), The Cochrane Library (volume 10, 2012) and Lilacs (1982 to December 2012) databases, in search of articles of systematic reviews. The following variables: mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, in-hospital length of stay, arrhythmias and epidural hematoma were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of neuraxial anesthesia in cardiac surgery remains controversial. The greatest benefit found by this review was the possibility of reducing postoperative arrhythmias, but this result was contradictory among the identified findings. The results of findings regarding mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and in-hospital length of stay did not show greater efficacy of neuraxial anesthesia.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso da anestesia neuroaxial em cirurgia cardíaca é recente, porém os efeitos hemodinâmicos dos anestésicos locais e a anticoagulação podem trazer riscos aos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Revisar os benefícios da anestesia neuroaxial em cirurgia cardíaca para revascularização miocárdica por meio de uma revisão sistemática de revisões sistemáticas. CONTEÚDO: Foi feita pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed (de janeiro de 1966 a dezembro de 2012), Embase (1974 a dezembro 2012), The Cochrane Library (volume 10, 2012) e Lilacs (1982 a dezembro de 2012) em busca de artigos de revisões sistemáticas. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: mortalidade, infarto do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, tempo de internação hospitalar, arritmias e hematoma peridural. CONCLUSÕES: O uso da anestesia neuroaxial para revascularização miocárdica permanece controverso. O maior benefício encontrado por meio desta revisão foi a possibilidade de redução das arritmias pós-operatórias, porém esse resultado foi contraditório entre as evidências identificadas. Os resultados das evidências encontradas referentes à mortalidade, ao infarto do miocárdio, ao acidente vascular cerebral e ao tempo de internação hospitalar não mostraram maior efetividade da anestesia neuroaxial.

Analgesia postoperatoria con el uso de morfina liofilizada / Postoperative analgesia with the use of lyophilized morphine

Introducción: la anestesia subaracnoidea morfínica es poco empleada para el alivio del dolor agudo postoperatorio durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas tanto electiva como de urgencia. Objetivo: describir la repercusión cardiorrespiratoria de la anestesia subaracnoidea morfínica en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal en una muestra aleatoria de 500 pacientes operados por el Servicio de Cirugía en el Hospital Militar de Holguín en el periodo comprendido de agosto del 2009 y octubre del 2012; quienes recibieron anestesia subaracnoidea con 150 mg de lidocaína hiperbárica más 0.4 mg de morfina liofilizada. Como variables se monitorizó la tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica, frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria, saturación pulsátil de oxígeno de la hemoglobina, intensidad del dolor postoperatorio, tiempo de analgesia postoperatoria, dosis de analgesia de rescate y efectos adversos. Resultados: la media del tiempo de analgesia postoperatoria se prolongó a más de 30 horas y la mayoría de los pacientes no demandaron analgesia de rescate en las primeras 48 horas. Predominaron el prurito y las náuseas y vómitos como efectos adversos. Conclusiones: la prolongación significativa de la analgesia con escasa demanda de analgesia de rescate y un estable comportamiento cardiorrespiratorio con una incidencia de efectos adversos menores, convierten a la anestesia subaracnoidea morfínica en un método útil y seguro para pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente, tanto electiva como de urgencia.

Background: anesthesia with subarachnoid Morphine is not very used to alleviate acute postoperative pain during either elective or emergency surgical interventions. Objective: to describe cardiorespiratory repercussion of anesthesia with subarachnoid Morphine in patients who have undergone surgery. Methods: a longitudinal prospective descriptive study was conducted in a random sample of 500 patients who underwent surgery in the Surgical Service of Military Hospital of Holguín during the period from August 2009 to October 2012, who received subarachnoid anesthesia with 150 mg of hyperbaric lidocaine and 0.4 mg of lyophilized morphine. Variables such as systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, intensity of postoperative pain, time of postoperative analgesia, doses of rescue analgesia and adverse effects were monitored. Results: The mean time of postoperative analgesia was prolonged to more than 30 hours and the majority of patients didn't demand rescue analgesia during the first 48 hours. Pruritus, nausea, and vomiting predominated as adverse effects. Conclusions: The significant extension of analgesia with scarce demand of rescue analgesia and a stable cardiorespiratory behavior with an incidence of minor adverse effects convert anesthesia with subarachnoid Morphine into a useful and safe method for patients who have undergone either elective or emergency surgery.

Anestesia subaracnoidea con ropivacaína hiperbárica versus bupivacaína hiperbárica asociadas a fentanilo para operación cesárea de urgencia.: Ensayo clínico controlado con asignación aleatoria

RESUMEN Introducción: se comparó la anestesia subaracnoidea con ropivacaína hiperbárica y bupivacaína hiperbárica ambas asociadas a fentanilo en pacientes sometidas a operación cesárea de urgencia. Se utilizaron dosis menores a las estudiadas hasta el momento, pero más adecuadas a las recomendadas en la actualidad. Objetivos: se buscó comparar los dos tipos de anestésico local analizando su incidencia en el bloqueo motor, como en el comportamiento hemodinámico intraoperatorio posterior a la administración subaracnoidea de las soluciones en estudio, y describir la frecuencia de efectos adversos asociados al procedimiento. Método: el estudio realizado es un ensayo clínico controlado con asignación aleatoria, multicéntrico, en pacientes embarazadas de término (37 a 41 semanas de embarazo), ASA I o II, entre 18 y 40 años que recibieron bupivacaína hiperbárica 10 mg más fentanilo 20 mg (grupo 1) o ropivacaína hiperbárica 15 mg más fentanilo 20 mg (grupo 2), por vía intratecal. Todas las drogas utilizadas en el presente protocolo se encuentran aprobadas por la ANMAT. Evaluando bloqueo motor, hemodinamia y efectos adversos. Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto a edad, talla, peso, edad gestacional y tiempo quirúrgico. La ropivacaína -suministrada en dosis equipotentes en relación con la bupivacaína- mostró un menor potencial en la prolongación del bloqueo motor. El grupo bupivacaína enseñó una mayor incidencia de hipotensión -con una significación de p= 0,02- en relación con la ropivacaína. Estos hallazgos se confirman a través de las diferencias en cuanto a la administración de efedrina requerida para cada uno de los grupos: más de 25% mayor para el grupo bupivacaína. Otros efectos adversos no presentaron significancia estadística. Conclusión: tanto la ropivacaína como la bupivacaína proporcionan seguridad y calidad en pacientes sometidas a operación cesárea de urgencia. Sin embargo, la ropivacaína presenta mayor eficiencia debido a la menor incidencia de complicaciones hemodinámicas y a una recuperación más rápida del bloqueo motor.

SUMMARY Introduction: we compared hyperbaric ropivacaine with hyperbaric bupivacaine in subarachnoid anesthesia, both associated to fentanyl, in patients subject to urgent cesarean section. The doses used were lower than those studied so far but more adequate than those currently recommended. Objectives: we compared the two types of local anesthesia and analyzed their effect on motor block and on hemodynamic performance during the surgery after the subarachnoid administration of the solutions under study; at the same time we described the frequency of adverse effects associated to this procedure. Method: the study performed consisted of a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial, in term pregnant patients (37 to 41 weeks pregnant), ASA I or II, between 18 and 40 years of age, who received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg plus 20 mcg fentanyl (Group 1) or intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine 15 mg plus 20 mcg fentanyl (Group 2). All drugs used in this protocol are approved by the A.N.M.A.T (National Administration of Drugs, Foods and Technology). Motor block, hemodynamics and adverse effects were evaluated. Results: there were no significant differences in terms of age, size, weight gestational age and surgical time. Ropivacaine -administered in equipotent doses in relation with bupivacaine- showed a lower potential in the prolongation of motor block. The bupivacaine group evidenced a higher incidence of hypotension - with a significant p= 0,02- compared to ropivacaine. These findings are confirmed by the differences in the administration of ephedrine required for each group: more than 25% higher for the bupivacaine group. Other adverse effects were not statistically significant. Conclusion: both ropivacaine and bupivacaine provide safety and quality in patients undergoing urgent cesarean section. However, ropivacaine proves to be more efficient due to lower incidence of hemodynamic complications and a rapid recovery from motor block.

RESUMO Introdução: comparou-se a anestesia subaracnóidea com ropivacaína hiperbárica e bupivacaína hiperbárica ambas associadas à fentanil em pacientes que foram à cesariana de urgência. Utilizaram-se doses menores as estudadas até o momento, porêm mais adequadas às recomendadas na atualidade. Objetivos: procurou-se comparar os dois tipos de anestésicos locais analisando o bloqueio motor, comportamento hemodinâmico intra-operatório posterior a administração subaracnóidea das soluções em estudo e descrever a frequência de efeitos adversos associados ao procedimento. Método: O estudo realizado é um ensaio clinico controlado e aleatório, multicêntrico, em pacientes grávidas a termo (37 a 41 semanas de gravidez), ASA I ou II, dentre 18 e 40 anos que receberam bupivacaina hiperbarica 10 mg + fentanil 20 µg (Grupo 1) ou ropivacaina hiperbarica 15 mg + fentanil 20 µg (Grupo 2), por via intratecal. Todas as drogas usadas no presente protocolo se encontram aprovadas pela A.N.M.A.T. avaliando o bloqueio motor, hemodinâmica e efeitos adversos. Resultados: não houve diferenças significativas quanto à idade, estatura, peso, idade gestacional e tempo cirúrgico. A ropivacaina (administrada em dose equipotente em relação a bupivacaina), mostrou um menor potencial no tempo de bloqueio motor. O grupo bupivacaina apresentou maior hipotensão (p =0.02) em relação a ropivacaina. Estes resultados se confirmam através da diferença de administração de efedrina requerida para cada um dos grupos: mais de 25 % a mais para o grupo bupivacaina. Outros efeitos adversos não aprestaram significância estatística. Conclusão: as duas soluções, ropivacaina e bupivacaina, proporcionaram segurança e qualidade em pacientes em que se realizou cesarianas de urgência. Entretanto, a ropivacaina apresentou maior eficiência devido à menor incidência de complicações hemodinâmicas e uma recuperação mais rápida do bloqueio motor.

Fentanyl: efectos adversos en anestesia subaracnoidea con Bupivacaína / Adverse side effects of fetanyl plus bupivacaine subarachnoid anesthesia

Los efectos adversos de los opioides son el resultado de interacciones con sus receptores a nivel cerebral. Cuando se administran por vía intratecal se ha descrito depresión respiratoria, aunque con menor frecuencia que en uso endovenoso. Objetivo: describir la ocurrencia de efectos adversos en pacientes llevados a cirugía en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá D.C. que recibieron fentanyl intratecal como adición a bupivacaína hiperbárica. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de una cohorte de pacientes llevados a cirugía en el Hospital de San José entre 1º de octubre de 2007 y 30 de septiembre de 2009, que recibieron anestesia subaracnoidea aplicando fentanyl intratecal y bupivacaína hiperbárica. Se incluyeron los pacientes de 18 a 65 años, las no gestantes y aquellos sin conversión a anestesia general. Resultados: se estudiaron 313 pacientes, 39,9% mujeres con edad promedio de 42 años (DE:12,7), clasificación ASA distribuida en ASA I, 60,7%; ASA II, 33,3%; ASA III, 5,7% y ASA IV, 0,3%. Los efectos adversos más comunes fueron náuseas 8,6% (n:27), prurito 6,7%(n:21), vómito 2,2% (n:7) y bradicardia 2,2% (n:7). La depresión respiratoria se presentó en 1,3% (n:4). Conclusiones: la frecuencia de depresión respiratoria que reportamos se encuentra en el rango de la literatura; sin embargo, hay que considerar que no existe consenso en la manera como se mide. Los demás eventos adversos fueron menos que los reportados.

Adverse effects of opioids result of their interactions with opioid brain receptors. Intrathecal administration of fentanyl may induce respiratory depression but less frequently than when intravenously administered. Objective: to describe the frequency of adverse side effects in surgical patients at Hospital de San José who received intrathecal fentanyl plus hyperbaric bupivacaine. Materials and Methods: descriptive study of a cohort of patients who underwent surgery at Hospital de San José between October 1 2007 and September 30 2009, who received intratecal fentanyl plus hyperbaric bupivacaine. Patients aged 18 to 65 years, nonpregnant women and those who were not converted into general anesthesia were included. Results: 313 patients were studied, 39.9% women with mean age 42 years (SD: 12.7), classified as: ASA I 60.7%; ASA II, 33.3%; ASA III, 5.7% and ASA IV, 0.3%. The most common adverse side effects were, nausea 8.6% (n: 27), pruritus 6.7% (n: 21), vomiting 2.2% (n: 7) and bradycardia 2.2% (n: 7). Respiratory depression presented in 1.3% (n: 4). Conclusions: our report of the frequency of respiratory depression is within that described in literature; however, it must be considered that the measuring methods were not consistent. Other adverse events were lower than those reported.

Anestesia intradural hipobárica selectiva con bupivacaína más fentanyl para la herniorrafia inguinal unilateral / Selective hypobaric intradural anesthesia using Bupivacaine plus Fentanyl for unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy

INTRODUCCIÓN. La anestesia subaracnoidea con bupivacaína se emplea frecuentemente para herniorrafia inguinal. OBJETIVO. Describir el empleo de la anestesia intradural hipobárica selectiva con el uso de bupivacaína más fentanyl para la herniorrafia inguinal unilateral. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en 100 pacientes que se seleccionaron para efectuarles cirugía de hernia inguinal unilateral en el Hospital Militar Central «Dr. Carlos J. Finlay¼, entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2007. Se les aplicó anestesia subaracnoidea hipobárica selectiva con bupivacaína al 0,25 % más fentanyl 25 µg. Se evaluaron el grado de bloqueo motor, calidad y nivel del bloqueo sensitivo, estabilidad hemodinámica y complicaciones anestésicas. RESULTADOS. En el hemicuerpo bloqueado, el 68 % de los pacientes alcanzó un grado de bloqueo motor I, el resto grado II; en el hemicuerpo no bloqueado este resultó nulo o grado IV; la calidad del bloqueo sensitivo fue buena en todos los casos y el nivel sensitivo entre D-8 y D-10. Los valores de la mediana para la FC y presión arterial estuvieron dentro de los valores dados como cotas de normalidad; la estabilidad hemodinámica fue igual o superior al 98, y el 6 % de los pacientes presentó complicaciones: hipotensión arterial y retención urinaria. CONCLUSIONES. La técnica anestésica empleada produce escaso bloqueo motor, nivel y calidad de bloqueo sensitivo adecuado, escasa repercusión hemodinámica y menor incidencia de complicaciones.

INTRODUCTION. Subarachnoid anesthesia with Bupivacain is frequently used for inguinal herniorrhaphy. OBJECTIVE. To describe the use of selective hypobaric intradural anesthesia plus Fentanyl for unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS. A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 100 patients selected for surgery of unilateral inguinal hernia in «Dr. Carlos J. Finlay¼ Central Military Hospital from January, 2006 to December, 2007. Selective hypobaric subarachnoid anesthesia using 0, 25% Bupivacaine plus 25µg Fentanyl was used. Motor blockade, quality and sensitive blockade level were assessed. RESULTS. In the blocked half of the body, the 68% achieved a motor I blockade level, remainder patients achieved a motor II blockade level; in the non-blocked half of the body it was null or IV level; quality of sensitive blockade was good in all cases and the sensitive level between D-8 and D-10. Mean values for heart rate and blood pressure were within those given as normality quota, hemodynamic stability was similar or higher to 98 and the 6 % of patients had the following complications: low blood pressure and urinary retention. CONCLUSIONS. The anesthetic technique used produces a scarce motor blockade, a appropriate quality of sensitive blockade, insufficient hemodynamic repercussion, and a minor incidence of complications.

Lesión nerviosa periférica secundaria a anestesia regional subaracnoidea en paciente ginecobstétrica. Reporte de un caso / Peripheral nerve injury associated to regional subarachnoid anesthesia in obstetrical patients. A case report

La incidencia de neuropatía después de anestesia regional (subaracnoidea y epidural) es una complicación neurológica infrecuente. Su manejo inadecuado contribuye al desarrollo de secuelas neurológicas permanentes. Posterior a anestesia neuroaxial para cesárea, una paciente presentó neuropatía de su miembro inferior izquierdo luego de varias punciones con aguja Quincke® Nº 27. La paciente procede de un área rural de Ubaté – Cundinamarca, y no cumplió las recomendaciones para el manejo de su neuropatía prolongada quizás debido a sus condiciones socioculturales.Los autores hacen una revisión de la literatura sobre lesiones neurológicas después de anestesia regional.

The incidence of neuropathy following regional anesthesia (subarachnoid and epidural anesthesia) is a very infrequent neurological complication. Its inadequate management contributes to the development of permanent neurological sequelas. A patient after neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean delivery presented left lower extremity neuropathy associated with several punctions of Quincke® needle number 27. The patient lives in a rural area of Ubaté-Cundinamarca, and she didn´t follow the recommendations for the management of her prolonged neuropathy, maybe because of her social and culturales conditions. The authors made a review of the literature on neurological injuries after regional anesthesia.

Bupivacaína isobárica frente a hipobárica en anestesia subaracnoidea para cirugía de caderas: Use of Bupivacaine( isobaric versus hypobaric) in subarachnoid anesthesia / Hip surgery

Introducción: La anestesia subaracnoidea se practica sistemáticamente para los procedimientos quirúrgicos de caderas por las múltiples ventajas que ofrece. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de la bupivacaína isobárica frente a hipobárica en anestesia subaracnoidea para osteosíntesis de caderas. Método: Se estudiaron 100 pacientes adultos de uno u otro sexo en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". A 50 pacientes (Grupo A) se les administró bupivacaína 0.5% 3 ml, y a los restantes (Grupo B), bupivacaína 0.25% 4 ml. Se analizaron las variables: nivel sensitivo, grado de bloqueo motor, duración y calidad de la analgesia. Resultados: En 77% de los pacientes se obtuvo un nivel sensitivo de T 10, con discreto predominio del nivel T 4 en los pacientes del grupo A. En todos se presentó bloqueo motor completo y analgesia quirúrgica buena. La duración de la analgesia fue 368.4 ± 52.8 min. en el grupo B y 276 ± 29.69 min. en el grupo A. Conclusiones: La Bupivacaína hipobárica superó a la isobárica, pues con ella se alcanzó un nivel sensitivo más bajo y mayor duración de la analgesia.

Subarachnoid anesthesia is systematically applied for surgical procedures of hips due to its multiple advantages. Objective: To compare the effects of isobaric Bupivacaine versus the hypobaric one in subarachnoid anesthesia for hip osteosynthesis. Method: A total of 100 patients of both sexes were studied in "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Hospital. Fifty patients (Group A) received Bupivacaine (0.5%-3ml), and remainder (Group B) received Bupivacaine (0.25%-4 ml). We analyzed the following variables: sensitivity level, motor blockade degree, length, and quality of analgesia. Results: In 77% of patients there was a T10 sensitivity level, with a discrete predominance of T4 level in patients of A group. In all of them there was a total motor blockade and a good surgical analgesia. Length of analgesia was of 368.4±52.8 min in B group, and 276 ±29.69 min in A group. Conclusions: Hypobaric Bupivacaine was better than the isobaric one, since its use allow us to reach a lower sensitivity level, and a greater length of analgesia.